LIFE IS WHAT WE DREAM IT....!!!

And after my admission to the college as well as the hostel in another city about 180kms from my hometown, I made myself aware of the fact that now I have to live without mom-dad and the comforts of home, sweethome!! Thank God my schoolmate had also taken admission in the same college and we requested to the rector to get a common room and she allowed!! So the big day had come and as our moms arranged things in our tiny cupboards we were busy attending the orientation programme, glancing at a herd of sufferers of our kind! I doubted whether I would cry or not when mom leaves, as I still had my friend to me. But its not that difficult for a girl to cry, you know!! (cry in front of her and she’ll also cry!) Well I’m not much of that kind; still I dropped a tear or two to mark the commencement of hostel (exile) life.

To be specific after four years I would be an electrical engineer (yuck! - I thought). By God’s grace my college time was 11:00am so that I dint have to wake up early. First year was short and speedy and it went as fast as ice melts once its outta freezer!! Then I shifted to a private flat system- more comfortable and less rules to follow!! And there was a common TV room too!! So second year went in quite a luxury; roaming and hanging out with friends and short trips or you can say big picnics!!

       A relationship is viewed as a connection between two persons. It may be friendly, personal, romantic or intimate. Generally categorized into two- interpersonal and intimate.



       An interpersonal relationship is a connection between two or more people that may range from fleeting to enduring. This association may be based on love and liking, regular business interactions, or some other type of social commitment. Folks generally try to have an enduring relation be it friendship or any other. But to your surprise there are also people who plan for a shot-lived relation or are happy and contented with it. In such cases if it happens from both the sides its fine; but if not, why to hurt another person breaking the relation?? Instead why not go for a life long relationship as far as possible?? I don’t understand this- guys come on, I mean what’s the harm in it?? These relationships usually involve some level of interdependence.


      Friendship is the sweetest relation in this world. There are times when you badly need your friends and they are not there for you. But why to face this kinda situation even?? So, keep in touch with your close mates n don’t let em leave you in any circumstances!! Just like a seed is sown and then it needs sunlight and water to grow, any relation has to be nursed so that it grows well and the bond strengthens.


      Romantic relationships generally end in lifetime relations. It’s really difficult to find a person who loves you, whom you love!! But when you find them it’s the most wonderful moment of your life. Please folks out there do not lose such persons due to silly fights and stupid misunderstandings. And a day will come when you’ll tell your wife-“Even my kids started to walk without my support but you still hold my hand!!”


      An intimate relationship is a particularly close interpersonal relationship defined by these characteristics: enduring behavioral interdependence, repeated interactions, emotional attachment, and need fulfillment. Humans have a universal need to belong and to love which is satisfied when an intimate relationship is formed. So love and be loved by one and all. This life is too short to hate someone, anyone!!! Lets make the world a better place to live in!!!

NOR GATE IMPLEMENTATION:

When both the inputs are low, the pmos devices are on as well as both the nmos devices are off. Hence output becomes logic high.


When either of the inputs is high, i.e. A/B is at high logic, the nmos device mn1/mn2 turns on and the pmos mp1/mp2 turns off, hence the output Y is at logic low.

When both the inputs are high, both the nmos devices conduct. As both the pmos devices are off; output becomes logic low.

The truth table is as follows:

 A        B        Y
--------------------
 0         0         1
 0         1         0
 1         0         0
 1         1         0

NAND GATE IMPLEMENTATION:


A and B are the two inputs and Y is the output. If either of the inputs is low, i.e. A/B is at low logic, the device mn1/mn2 is off while the pmos mp1/mp2 is on, hence the output Y is at high logic.

When both the inputs are high, the nmos devices are turned on and form a low resistive path from output Y to ground. With the parallel pmos devices off, the output becomes logic low.



The truth table is as follows:

A       B       Y
----------------
0        0        1
0        1        1
1        0        1
1        1        0

Electronic circuit for the below programme: 
---------------------------------------------------------
Implement a function with CMOS logic using ngspice:

f = (ABC+DE+F) ´
  = (A´+B´+C´) • (D´+E´) • (F´)


The netlist (spice programme) is as follows:


f.cir
.include model 025
vdd 1 0 dc
va 2 0 (0 2 2ns 2ns 2ns 50ns 100ns)
vb 3 0 (0 2 2ns 2ns 2ns 50ns 100ns)
vc 4 0 (0 2 2ns 2ns 2ns 50ns 100ns)
vd 5 0 (0 2 2ns 2ns 2ns 50ns 100ns)
ve 6 0 (0 2 2ns 2ns 2ns 50ns 100ns)
vf 7 0 (0 2 2ns 2ns 2ns 50ns 100ns)
mp1 8 2 1 1 cmosp w=2um L=0.5um
mp2 8 3 1 1 cmosp w=2um L=0.5um
mp3 8 4 1 1 cmosp w=2um L=0.5um
mp4 9 5 8 1 cmosp w=2um L=0.5um
mp5 9 6 8 1 cmosp w=2um L=0.5um
mp6 10 7 9 1 cmosp w=2um L=0.5um
mn1 10 2 11 0 cmosn w=2um L=0.5um
mn2 11 3 12 0 cmosn w=2um L=0.5um
mn3 12 4 0 0 cmosn w=2um L=0.5um
mn4 10 5 13 0 cmosn w=2um L=0.5um
mn5 13 6 0 0 cmosn w=2um L=0.5um
mn6 10 7 0 0 cmosn w=2um L=0.5um
.dc va 0 2 0.05
.tran 10ns 500ns
.end

Ngspice is a mixed-level/mixed-signal circuit simulator based on three open source software packages: Spice3f5, Cider1b1 and Xspice.



>Spice3 is the most famous and used circuit simulator.


>Cider is mixed-level simulator that already includes Spice3f5 and adds a device simulator to it: DSIM. Cider couples the circuit level simulator to the device simulator to provide greater simulation accuracy (at the expense of greater simulation time). Critical devices can be described with technology parameters (numerical models) and non critical ones with the original spice's compact models.


>Xspice is an extension to Spice3 that provides code modeling support and simulation of digital components through an embedded event driven algorithm.


Ngspice is a general-purpose circuit simulator program. It implements three classes of analysis:
• Nonlinear DC analyses


• Nonlinear Transient analyses


• Linear AC analyses


Ngspice implements the usual circuits elements, like resistors, capacitors, inductors (single or mutual), transmission lines and a growing number of semiconductor devices like diodes, bipolar transistors, mosfets (both bulk and SOI), mosfets, jfet and HFET


You need to write a netlist. Parametric netlists: netlists can contain parameters and expressions. Parametric macromodels, often released by manufacturers, can be imported as-is into ngspice.


Ngspice compiles under GNU/Linux, BSD, Windows and MacOSX.

Pencil work is actually referred to as – pencil drawing, pencil work or pencil art. We common people generally use pencil for rough work before finalizing anything, say for e.g. drawing picture before coloring it or maybe just writing a quote before you actually overwrite it with colors. Well, we all do this as pencil work is erasable (but not always, eh!)



Do you people even know how many types of pencils there are??? It’s the very first thing we hold in our tiny fingers while beginning our academics. Who knows what fortune these tiny fingers carry with them?? Some may turn into well defined authors, well operated technicians or maybe gifted with excellent sculpture or with immense qualities to save peoples’ lives.


Ok, coming to the types of pencils, they are classified on various basis as in – marking material, their use, shape and size… there are these grease pencils that write on any surface including plastic, glass, photographs. Stenographer’s pencils are expected to be very reliable, and their lead is break proof. On 3 September 2007, Ashrita Furman unveiled his giant US$20,000 pencil – 76 feet (23 m) long, 18,000 pounds (8,200 kg) (with over 4,500 pounds (2,000 kg) for the graphite center) – after three weeks of creation in August 2007 as a birthday gift for teacher Sri Chinmoy.


Engineers have wide use of pencils in their 4 year long carrier…!!! I’m being too selfish, myself being a engineer I tell you I have been drawing electric circuitry and big sheets for power stations and substations. Pencil work lays the foundation of our carriers somewhere in our childhoods itself!!